Introduction The global financial system is undergoing rapid digital transformation, and one of the most significant developments in recent years is the emergence of digital currency issued by central banks. Commonly known as Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC), this form of money represents an electronic version of legal tender, designed to function as a stable and secure medium of exchange. Unlike decentralized cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, which operate independently of traditional financial institutions, CBDCs are state-backed and regulated by national monetary authorities. This article explores digital currency from multiple perspectives, including its benefits, challenges, economic implications, security concerns, and potential impact on financial stability. The Rationale Behind Central Bank Digital Currencies The increasing use of digital payments and the decline of physical cash transactions have driven central banks to explore the issuance of digital currencies. The p...
Introduction Quantitative easing (QE) is a non-conventional monetary policy tool employed by central banks to stimulate economic growth by increasing liquidity in financial markets. This policy is primarily executed through large-scale asset purchases, such as government bonds, mortgage-backed securities, and, in some cases, corporate bonds. The primary objective of QE is to lower interest rates, encourage lending, and stimulate economic activity, particularly during periods of low inflation and sluggish growth. This article explores the mechanisms of QE, its effects on economies, associated risks, and real-world applications in different financial environments. Mechanisms of Quantitative Easing QE operates through a structured process where central banks inject liquidity into the economy. This process involves several key steps: Asset Purchases: Central banks purchase financial assets, predominantly government bonds, from banks and other financial institutions. These purchases...